OS has a submodule ‘path’ which offers few functions to verify or modify path. These as useful while loading the required files from our directory.

Os has open(),close(),read(),write(). These methods return file descriptors instead of file objects. It is generally recommended to use built in open(), etc, for file operations and only go for os.open , etc when we need low level operations to be performed.

os.environ[] is another important function which is generally used to store environment variables, like API keys. It stores them as a dictionary.

Now, you bake each cake separately as the procedure is different for each of them. But the decor? Since it is the same whipping cream, you don’t prepare it every time you get a cake order. You keep the prepared whipping cream and get it to decorate every time you bake a cake. This is exactly what a decorator in python can do!

You have a function, you want to enhance its behaviour but not change the function itself - you use a decorator.

A decorator is also a function which accepts another function and returns by wrapping it with some enhancement.

Here is a sample code for the above process.

Each function below specifically has process to bake that particular cake.

def vanilla_cake():
    print("Baking vanilla cake")


def chocolate_cake():
    print("Baking chocolate cake")    
    
def butterscotch_cake():
    print("Baking butterscotch cake”)

Now, we want to decorate it with whipping cream.

def whipping_cream():        
	print("spread whipping cream on the given cake")

One way of doing this without decorators, is by just calling the whipping_cream function inside each cake.

def vanilla_cake():
    print("Baking vanilla cake”)
    whipping_cream()

def chocolate_cake():
    print("Baking chocolate cake")   
    whipping_cream() 
    
def butterscotch_cake():
    print("Baking butterscotch cake”)
    whipping_cream()

But, here we are changing the actual function to enhance it. To d it with out touching the function from inside, we use decorators.

In a decorator, we accept the actual function and wrap it with our enhancement and return it.

def whipping_cream(func):
    def wrap():
        func()
        print("spread whipping cream on the given cake")
     
    return wrap

To decorate a function. With it, we simply use @ annotation while defining the function.

@whipping_cream
def vanilla_cake():
    print("Baking vanilla cake")

@whipping_cream
def chocolate_cake():
    print("Baking chocolate cake")    
    
@whipping_cream
def butterscotch_cake():
    print("Baking butterscotch cake”)

vanilla_cake()
chocolate_cake()
butterscotch_cake()

Output: Baking vanilla cake spread whipping cream on the given cake Baking chocolate cake spread whipping cream on the given cake Baking butterscotch cake spread whipping cream on the given cake

We can pass arguments to a decorator.

Here is code where the functions accept the weight of cake in grams as argument for the function.

def whipping_cream(func):
    def wrap(g):
        func(g)
        print("spread whipping cream on ",g," grams", " cake")
        
    return wrap


@whipping_cream
def vanilla_cake(g):
    print("Weight=",g," grams")
    print("Baking vanilla cake")

@whipping_cream
def chocolate_cake(g):
    print("Baking chocolate cake")    
    
@whipping_cream
def butterscotch_cake(g):
    print("Baking butterscotch cake")



vanilla_cake(500)
chocolate_cake(1000)
butterscotch_cake(1000)   

Output:

Weight= 500  grams
Baking vanilla cake
spread whipping cream on  500  grams  cake
Baking chocolate cake
spread whipping cream on  1000  grams  cake
Baking butterscotch cake
spread whipping cream on  1000  grams  cake